Bandipur National Park established in 1974 as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger, is a national park located in the Indian state of Karnataka, which is the state with the second highest tiger population in India. Along with adjacent Nagarhole National Park it is one of the Premier Tiger Reserves in the country. It was once a private hunting reserve for the Maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore but has now been upgraded to Bandipur Tiger Reserve. Bandipur is known for its wildlife and has many types of biomes, but dry deciduous forest is dominant.

The park spans an area of 874 square kilometers (337 sq mi), protecting several species of India’s endangered wildlife. Together with the adjoining Nagarhole National Park (643 km2 (248 sq mi)), Mudumalai National Park (320 km2 (120 sq mi)) and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (344 km2 (133 sq mi)), it is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve totaling 2,183 km2 (843 sq mi) making it the largest protected area in southern India and largest habitat of wild elephants in south Asia.

Bandipur is located in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district. It is about 80 kilometers (50 mi) from the city of Mysore on the route to a major tourist destination of Ooty. As a result, Bandipur sees many tourists and there are many wildlife fatalities caused by speeding vehicles that are reported each year. There is a ban on traffic from 9 pm to 6 am of dusk to dawn to help bring down the death rate of wildlife.

History

The Maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore created a sanctuary of 90 km2 (35 sq mi) in 1931 and named it the Venugopala Wildlife Park. The Bandipur Tiger Reserve was established under Project Tiger in 1973 by adding nearly 800 km2 (310 sq mi) to the Venugopala Wildlife park.

Geography

Bandipur National Park located between 75° 12’ 17″ E to 76° 51’ 32″ E and 11° 35’ 34″ N to 11° 57’ 02″ N where the Deccan Plateau meets the Western Ghats and the altitude of the park ranges from 680 meters (2,230 ft) to 1,454 meters (4,770 ft). As a result, the park has a variety of biomes including dry deciduous forestsmoist deciduous forests and shrublands. The wide range of habitats help support a diverse range of organisms. The park is flanked by the Kabini river in the north and the Moyar river in the south. The Nugu river runs through the park. The highest point in the park is on a hill called Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta, where there is a Hindu temple at the summit. Bandipur has typical tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry and hot period usually begins in early March and can last till the arrival of the monsoon rains in June.

Biology and ecology

Bandipur National Park helps protect several species of India’s endangered wildlife and also provides refuge to other threatened and vulnerable species of flora and fauna.

Flora

Bandipur supports a wide range of timber trees including: teak (Tectona grandis), rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia), sandalwood (Santalum album V), Indian-laurel (Terminalia tomentosa), Indian kino tree (Pterocarpus marsupium), giant clumping bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), clumping bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) and Grewia tiliaefolia.

There are also several notable flowering and fruiting trees and shrubs including: kadam tree (Adina cordifolia), Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis), crape-myrtle (Lagerstroemia lanceolata), axlewood (Anogeissus latifolia), black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula), Schleichera trijugaOdina wodiarflame of the forest (Butea monosperma), golden shower tree (Cassia fistula), satinwood (Chloroxylon swietenia), black cutch (Acacia catechu), Shorea talura (E)indigoberry (Randia uliginosa).

Fauna

Bandipur supports a good population of endangered and vulnerable species like Indian elephantsgaurstigerssloth bearsmuggersIndian rock pythonsfour-horned antelopesjackals and dholes.

Mammals

The commonly seen mammals along the public access roads in the park include chitalgray langursIndian giant squirrels and elephants. A list of medium to large-sized mammals in the park is given in the following census table published in 1997:

species1991199319951997
Bengal Tiger58667475
Indian Leopard51818688
Indian elephant1107221422143471
Gaur1097137313732427
Dhole148181181N/A
Chital3333585858588204
Sambar706119611962386
Sloth bear516666N/A
Four-horned antelope14N/AN/AN/A
Gray langur1468175117511851
Wild boar148181181N/A
Muntjac72131131N/A

Birds

Peafowl are among the most commonly seen birds in Bandipur along with grey junglefowlcrows and drongos. Bandipur is home to over 200 species of birds including honey buzzardsred-headed vulturesIndian vulturesflowerpeckershoopoesIndian rollersbrown fish owlscrested serpent eagleschangeable hawk-eaglesbee-eaters and many kingfishers and ospreyss are a common sight in winter.

Other fauna

Reptile species include spectacled cobraIndian rock pythonvipersrat snakemuggersmonitor lizardsIndian chameleonIndian pond terrapinagamids and flying lizards.

Butterflies include common rosecrimson rosecommon jaylime butterflyMalabar ravencommon Mormonred Helenblue Mormonsouthern birdwingcommon wanderermottled emigrantcommon grass yellowspotless grass yellowone spot grass yellowNilgiri clouded yellowcommon JezebelPsychecommon gullcaper white or pioneer, small orange tip or lesser orange tipwhite orange tiplarge salmon Arabcommon evening browngreat evening browncommon palmflycommon bushbrownglad eye bushbrowmred disk bushbrownred eye bushbrownLepcha bushbrowncommon threeringcommon fourringcommon fiveringtawny coster, rustic, common leopardIndian fritillarycommon sailercolour sergeantchestnutstreaked sailergrey countred baron or baronetangled castorcommon castoryellow pansylemon pansypeacock pansychocolate pansyorange pansyblue pansygrey pansyblue admiralglassy blue tigerblue tigerdark blue tiger, plain tiger, striped tiger/ common tigerDanaid eggflygreat eggflycommon crowbrown king crowcommon Pierrotangled Pierrotbanded blue Pierrotstriped Pierrotdark Pierrotred Pierrotlime bluezebra bluegram bluecommon ceruleantiny grass bluedark grass blueIndian cupidlarge four-line bluecommon silverlineplum Judyplain scupidpea bluemetallic ceruleanchestnut Bobdark palm dartbrown awl

Ant species include Anenictus sp1, Anoplolepis longipes, Camponotus parius, Crematogaster biroi, Crematogaster sp 1*, Crematogaster sp 2*, Diacamma rugosum, Lepisiota capensis, Leptogenys chinesis, Leptogenys coonorensis, Leptogenys diminuta, Lophomyrmex quadripinosus, Meranoplus bicolor, Monomorium indicum, Myrmicaria striata, Myrmicaria brunnea, Oligomyrmex wroughtonii, Pachycondyla sp1*, Paratrechina sp1*, Pheidole sharpi, Pheidole sp1*, Pheidole sp2*, Pheidologeton diverus, Polyrhachis exercita, Solenopsis geminate, Tetraponera rufonigra, Tetraponera sp1* (* New species yet to be identified).

Dung beetles include Catharsius granulatus *, Copris indicus *, Oniticellus cinctus*, Onitis singhalensis *, Onthophagus beesoni*, Onthophagus ensifer *, Onthophagus rana *, Onthophagus sp.107* #, Onthophagus tarandus*, Picnopanaleus rotundus, Caccobius diminutives, Caccobius ultor, Copris furciceps, Copris sp.1#, Heliocopris dominus, Pseudonthophagus sp.2#, Sisyphus neglectus, Caccobius inermis, Caccobius meridionalis., Caccobius torticornis, Caccobius sp.1#, Copris sodalist, Onthophagus socialis, Onthophagus sp.301#, Onitis phelemon, Onthophagus furcillifer, Caccobius gallinus, Onthophagus rufulgens, Onthophagus sp.302#, Copris repertus, Pseudonthophagus sp.1#, Copris davisoni, Onitis falcatus, Onthophagus turbatus, Copris imitans, Onthophagus quadridentatus, Caccobius vulcanus, Liatongus affinis, Oniticellus spinipes, Sisyphus longipus, Onthophagus dama (* extremely rare (Represented by a single specimen in the collection), # New species yet to be identified.

Conflicts and threats

For farmers in the 200 villages along the Bandipur forest periphery, the national park is a vast pasture for grazing cattle and for collection of firewood and other forest produce. The reserve holds nearly 150,000 cattle. The Nugu wildlife sanctuary and Himavad Gopalaswamy range located in the north-west of the park are the most used by cattle.

There are fears of possible transmission of diseases from cattle to wildlife. In 1968, large numbers of gaur were killed in an outbreak of rinderpestLantana bush introduced by British in the 19th century in tea gardens has spread rapidly at the cost of other valuable herbs and saplings. This bush is thorny, attracts mosquitoes, is not eaten by any herbivores and rapid spread has caused other species of fauna to vanish which is staple food for wild life. Rapid spread of Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) has severely damaged bio-diversity and typical landscapes of this beautiful jungle is making way for this invasive weed.

Elephants which traditionally migrate from dry to moist zones now increasingly come into contact with human habitations and farms are often damaged. Sugarcane crops are particularly attractive to them.

The National Highways NH-181 and NH-766 pass through Bandipur national park. This road has been a major concern as speeding vehicles have killed many wild animals in spite of frequent warnings to travelers from the forest department officials and restriction on movement of vehicles in some stretches between 6 P.M to 6 A.M. This has raised fears of extinction of habitat of wild animals exclusively found in this national park.

On October 9, 2018 the National Park lost one of its prized possession, a tusker named ‘Rowdy Ranga’ was hit by a bus in the night after which the government of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka agreed to ban night traffic in the forest. However, Kerala condemns the ‘Night Ban’ and has asked for the ban to be lifted to save a reroute that increases the distance by 45 km.

Source: Wikipedia.